HEXvle2gas L3 1ph BU simple
Created Monday 10 June 2013
A block-shaped steam to air preheater model with flue gas at shell side and steam/water medium at the tube side. A block-geometry for low pressure air preheaters with U-type tube bundles is assumed.
1. Purpose of Model
This model is well suited to model transients of commonly designed low pressure air preheaters.
2. Level of Detail, Physical Effects Considered and Physical Insight
2.1 Level of Detail
Referring to Brunnemann et al. [1], this model refers to the level of detail L3 because the system is modelled with the use of balance equations applied to two different zones of the component: liquid condensate at tube side, gas volume at shell side.
2.2 Physical Effects Considered
- dynamic conservation of energy (neglecting kinetic energy terms) in gas and condensating flows
- dynamic conservation of mass (neglecting kinetic energy terms) in gas and condensating flows
- taking static pressure differences due to friction losses and geostatic into account
- calculation of heat transfer resistance between the two flows and energy storage is calculated applying a radially discretised wall.
- heat transfer from condensing steam to gas flow, losses to the ambience is neglected
2.3 Level of Insight
Heat Transfer
shell side
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:Adiabat L2 : No heat transfer
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:CharLine L2 : All Geo || HTC || Characteristic Line
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:Constant L2 : All Geo || HTC || Constant
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:IdealHeatTransfer L2 : All Geo || Ideal Heat Transfer
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Gas HT:Convection:Convection flatWall L2 All geo || Convection flat wall
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Gas HT:Convection:Convection tubeBank L2 Shell geo || Convection tube banks
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Gas HT:Convection:Convection finnedTubes L2 Shell geo || Convection finned tube banks
tube side:
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:Adiabat L2 : No heat transfer
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:CharLine L2 : All Geo || HTC || Characteristic Line
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:Constant L2 : All Geo || HTC || Constant
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:Generic HT:IdealHeatTransfer L2 : All Geo || Ideal Heat Transfer
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:HeatTransport:VLE HT:NusseltPipe1ph L2 : Pipe Geo || L2 || HTC || Nusselt (1ph)
Pressure Loss
shell side
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:NoFriction L2 : friction free flow between inlet and outlet
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:LinearPressureLoss L2 : Linear pressure loss based on nominal values, different zones are seen in parallel, pressure loss is located at flanges
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:QuadraticNominalPoint L2 : Quadratic pressure loss based on nominal values, different zones are seen in parallel, pressure loss is located at flanges, density independent
tubes side
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:NoFriction L2 : friction free flow between inlet and outlet
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:LinearPressureLoss L2 : Linear pressure loss based on nominal values, different zones are seen in parallel, pressure loss is located at flanges
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:Generic PL:QuadraticNominalPoint L2 : Quadratic pressure loss based on nominal values, different zones are seen in parallel, pressure loss is located at flanges, density independent
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:VLE PL:PressureLossCoefficient L2 : Density dependent pressure loss based on zeta value
- Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:PressureLoss:VLE PL:QuadraticNominalPoint L2 : Density dependent, quadratic pressure loss based on nominal values
Phase Separation
shell side
intrinsic ideally mixed gas flow.
tube side:
Basics:ControlVolumes:Fundamentals:SpatialDistributionAspects:IdeallyStirred: ideally mixed phases
3. Limits of Validity
- basic flow situation of the heat exchanger (e.g. counter flow, cross flow) has no influence on the heat transfer, as tube side is only modelled as single volume
- phase change, see remarks of usage
4. Interfaces
5. Nomenclature
- no model specific nomenclature -
6. Governing Equations
6.1 System Description and General model approach
This model is composed by instantiation of the following classes:
- Basics:ControlVolumes:FluidVolumes:VolumeVLE L2 volume of the condensate volume in the pipes
- Basics:ControlVolumes:GasVolumes:VolumeGas L2 : volume of the shell side with flue gas
- Basics:ControlVolumes:SolidVolumes:CylindricalThickWall L4 to model the heat transfer resistance and the temperature distribution in the heat exchanger
6.2 General Model Equations
Summary
A record summarising the most important variables is provided. Please be aware of the boolean showExpertSummary in the parameter dialog tab "Summary and Visualisation". Setting this parameter to true will give you more detailed information on the components behaviour. The summary consists of the outline:
and the summaries of the class instances named in section 6.1
7. Remarks for Usage
- If finned heat transfer models are used the area inside the geo model only shows the heat transfer area of blank tubes without fins but calculates correctly. The effective heat transfer area can be found in the heat transfer model (A_finned).
- Setting CF_geo has no effect for finned tube heat transfer model.
7.1 Naming
The naming of heat exchangers in this package follows some specific form that is defined as follows:
7.2 Heat Transfer Modelling
In most cases the heat transfer from one fluid to the other will be dominated by the heat transfer at one of fluid boundary layers. In that cases the heat transfer coefficient α at this side will be considerably smaller than on the other side. From a numerical point of view it is disadvantageous to have very high (close to infinite) heat transfer coefficients on either sides. If you want to take nearly ideal heat transfer at one of the sides into account please consider the corresponding replaceable model instead of defining arbitrary large heat transfer coefficients in the model.
7.3 Phase Change
Since the model has only one state on the tube side and the shell side respectively phase change is in principally possible but will result in low accuracy during the phase change transients. Furthermore, phase separation is not supported.
8. Validation
9. References
[1] Johannes Brunnemann and Friedrich Gottelt, Kai Wellner, Ala Renz, André Thüring, Volker Röder, Christoph Hasenbein, Christian Schulze, Gerhard Schmitz, Jörg Eiden: "Status of ClaRaCCS: Modelling and Simulation of Coal-Fired Power Plants with CO2 capture", 9th Modelica Conference, Munich, Germany, 2012
10. Authorship and Copyright Statement for original (initial) Contribution
Author:
DYNCAP/DYNSTART development team, Copyright 2011 - 2022.
Remarks:
This component was developed during DYNCAP/DYNSTART projects.
Acknowledgements:
ClaRa originated from the collaborative research projects DYNCAP and DYNSTART. Both research projects were supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (FKZ 03ET2009 and FKZ 03ET7060).
CLA:
The author(s) have agreed to ClaRa CLA, version 1.0. See https://claralib.com/pdf/CLA.pdf
By agreeing to ClaRa CLA, version 1.0 the author has granted the ClaRa development team a permanent right to use and modify his initial contribution as well as to publish it or its modified versions under the 3-clause BSD License.
11. Version History
- 2013 - v 0.1 - initial implementation - A.Renz, F.Gottelt, XRG Simulation
- 07.03.2016 - v 1.1.0 - flowOrientation is propagated
- changed wall model to from ThinWall_L2 to ThickWall_L4
- changed default values of z_in_shell and z_out_shell, to avoid newly introduced asserts in geometry base classes (e.g. z_in_shell>max height)
- set parameter mass_struc to final value 0
- quadruple port m_flow is taken from tube side now
- 26.04.2017 -v 1.2.2 - added parameter for internal mass additional to tubes - Timm Hoppe, XRG Simulation GmbH
- 08.01.2019 -v 1.4.0 - added kA-value to summary
- introduced parameter tubeOrientation, models are parametrisable in a more flexible way - Timm Hoppe and Annika Kuhlmann, XRG Simulation GmbH, Lasse Nielsen TLK Thermo GmbH